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[Second Language Acquisition] Summary of English Journal " Acculturation Model for L2 Acquisition : Review and Evaluation"


Name   : Mutiah
SRN    : 1101120673
Subject            : Second Language Acquisition
Acculturation Model for L2 Acquisition: Review and Evaluation
By : Hamed Barjesteh, Reza Vaseghi

1.        Background
Today, research on second language acquisition is growing rapidly. Various theories became more and more popping up. This paper aims to review, evaluate, and criticize the validity of the model of acculturation.
2.        The Acculturation Concept
The acculturation concept started to be used towards the end of the 19th century. Acculturation I a process of affecting the members of two or more cultural groups. But, it does not change their own culture. The concept is defined as the set of processes by which individuals and groups interact when then identify themselves as culturally distinct.
3.        The Acculturation Model
The acculturation model is based on social and psychological factors. Schumann claims that acculturation is the first chain of the result the learners into contact with TL-speakers. The learners should be a member of group that the all members speak other language.
The factors of the social distance are :
a.     Social dominance : equal in status.
b.    Assimilation, preservation, and adaptation.
c.     Enclosure : share social institutions.
d.    Cohesiveness and size.
e.     Congruence : similar culture.
f.     Attitude : positive views.
g.    Intended length of residence.
The factors of psychological distance are :
a.       Language shock : learner’s confusion.
b.      Cultural shock : culture differences.
4.        Evidence Supports The Acculturation Model
a.       Social and psychological factors
b.      Regular contact between learners and the speakers.
c.       Situation and environment.
5.        Acculturation Extended Model (AEM)
According to Ellis (1985) the model consists of two major processes :
a.       Nativization : assimilation of the input.
b.      Denativisation : process of accommodation.
6.        Factors Existing Prior to and Arising During Acculturation
The beginning of the acculturation process :
a.       Personal characteristic and social nature.
b.      Life transitions.
c.       Gender.
The factors of arising acculturation :
a.       Integration : willingness, involvement in two cultural, flexible.
b.      Assimilation and separation : culture shedding, rejection of the dominant culture.
c.       Marginalization : dominant society, culture loss
7.        Pedagogical Implications
The acculturation model promotes the explicit teaching of the target discourse community. Pedagogical recommendations include a discipline oriented approach. There are many disconnects between the language learners’ study and their lives. Teachers should learn about their student’s identities outside the classroom, and draw on the identities in classroom to help students to continue their learning.
8.        Critical Look at Acculturation Model
a.       Saville-Troike : acculturation model is too complex.
b.      Farhady : acculturation model is the most important factor.
c.       Schumann : acculturation model is only accounts for language learning.
9.        Concluding Remarks
The acculturation model is the most important factors to help us to draw the learners’ social and psychological factors. But, the teacher should have the knowledge how to teach culture and make the learning natural.

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