[Morphology] Derivational Affixes of Banjarese

    A.    Introduction

Morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed.[1] A morpheme is a word or word chunk that has meaning. For example, girl is a morpheme and a word. We cannot break down girl any further and have a meaningful chunk. However, if we add s to girl and make girls, we have added the s to make our word plural. In this case, s is a morpheme. However, it is clearly not a word.[2]

We call morphemes that are words free morphemes because they can be used unattached.  Girl is a free morpheme. Morphemes that cannot be used alone are known as bound morphemes. S is a bound morpheme. When added as an affix — either a prefix or a suffix — to a word, bound morphemes adjust the meaning of the word, but they cannot be used alone as an unattached unit. Words may be constructed from combinations of free and bound morphemes. Compound words, such as barnyard, are constructed from two free morphemes. Unfriendly is constructed from the free morpheme and root word friend and the bound morphemes un and ly. Table 1 provides examples of bound and free morphemes.

Table 1 : Examples of Morpheme Types
Morpheme Type	Example
Free	Word, friend, cup, chair
Bound	Un-, ex-, -ceive, -sist, -er, -est, -ly, -tion

Morphemes that are added to words as affixes can be described as inflectional morphemes or derivational morphemes. Inflectional morphemes adjust the meaning of a root word without changing its part of speech. Furthermore, inflectional morphemes do not change the base meaning of the word. For example, both girl and girls are nouns. The addition of s to girl changes the word from singular to plural, but it does not change its part of speech. But, in this article we will discuss about derivational affixes only, especially in Banjarese.

    B.     Discussion

As mentioned above, bound morphemes consist of inflectional and derivational morphemes. Inflectional morphemes are those which do not create new meaning. These morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are attached. They only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of words which they are attached to. The word books, for example, consists of a free morpheme book and an inflectional morpheme –s. The bound morpheme –s does not change the syntactic category of the morpheme book. The bound morpheme –s does not change the lexical meaning of book. It only gives grammatical meaning  which shows that the word books is plural. Book is a noun and books is still a noun.

A derivational affix is an affix by means of which one word is formed (derived) from another. The derived word is often of a different word class from the original.[3] Derivational morphemes adjust the meaning of the root word and may change the part of speech. For example, although adding re to write does not change the part of speech of write, it does change the meaning of the word. Look at table 2 below!

Root/Base	Affix	New Word
Happy	-ness	Happiness
Quick	-ly	Quickly
Danger	en-	Endanger
Wide	-en	Widen

The prefix en- and the suffixes –ness, -ly, and –en in the example above are usually called derivational affixes because –ness changes and adjective (happy) into a noun (happiness); –ly changes adjectives (quick) into an adverb (quickly); en- channges a noun (danger) into a verb (endanger) and –en changes an adjectives (wide) into a verb (widen).

According to the explanation above, we will discuss about Banjarese derivitional affixes. Banjarese is the language of Banjarese people that is closely related to the Malay language. The people are living primarily in Indonesia, in the south and southeast of the island of Kalimantan (population approximately 1.7 million by a 1965 estimate), and also in Malaya (population approximately 100,000).[4]

In Banjarese, derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes. All prefixes in Banjarese are derivational. All prefixes in Banjarese modify the meaning although they do not modify the syntactic category. For examples, the derivational prefix ma- in manyanga, ta- in tabawa, dan di- in dibanam modify the passive meaning to the active meaning, or the active meaning to the passive, but do not change the syntactic category of the derived words; sanga is a verb and the derived word manyanga is also a verb; bawa is a verb and the derived word tabawa is also a verb; banam is a verb and the derived word dibanam is also a verb.. Most derivational suffixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning. Only a few of them do not change the syntactic category.

3. Types of Banjarese Derivational Morphemes

The rule to identify that the bound morphemes are derivational is the occurrence of new meaning creation or new word creation of the derived words. In dictionaries the derivation word is generally listed as a separate word from its base. The new meaning or the new word which occurs in the derivation process can be accompanied by the change of part of speech or not. In other words some derivational morphemes, as described above, change the part of speech  and some of them do not change the part of speech. In Banjarese, derivational morphemes can be   the prefixes, and suffixes.

Based on the fact described above, the types of Banjarese derivational morphemes can be classified into three, derivational prefixes, and derivational suffixes. The further description can be seen below:

1. Derivational Prefixes

            Most prefixes in Banjarese are derivational so that all the prefixes in Banjarese create new meaning or create new words. The creation of new meaning can be accompanied by the change part of speech or not. Most prefixes do not change part of speech. The  prefix which changes the part of speech, for example, is the prefix ma-. The prefix ma- changes the bases into verbs. The word manggunung for example, consists of the prefix ma- and the base gunung. The prefix ma- changes the noun gunung to the new verb manggunung. The prefix ma-in the word mambisu changes the noun to verb. The prefix ta- in tajajak changes the verb jajak  to the adverb tajajak. The other prefixes in Banjarese are explained as follows:

a.       Prefix ma-

The main function of prefix ma- is to make a word be active verb. For example:

1)            'doing something as what have said on its base word'

example:
Kakanakan ngitu manunjul muturannya. (The child pushes his car).

manunjul = 'doing' manunjul

2)            'doing as like as what have said on its base word'

example:
Dimana wadah urang nang rajin mawadai? (Where is place of the baker?)

mawadai = 'doing' baking cake

b.      Prefix di-

The main function of prefix di- is to make a word be passive verb. For example:

1)            'doing'

example:
Nyawa handak dilingir akan banyu kah? (Do you want to drink?)

dilingir = 'doing' linger

2)            'as object or be passive'

example:
Cangkir tadi diandak parak cucut. (The glass was put near the cattle.)

diandak = 'be passive' maandak

c.       Prefix ba-

The main function of prefix ba- is to make intransitive verb. For example:

1)            'doing'

example:
Kanapa pian aur baungut tarus? (Why are you always dreaming?)

baungut = 'doing' maungut

2)            'have/live'

example:
Sidin barumah di higa masigit. (He lives near the mosque.)

barumah = 'have/live' rumah

d.      Prefix ta-

The main function of prefix ta- is to make passive verb and intransitive verb. For example:

1)            'unconcious'

example:
Kawannya taguring di sakulahan samalam. (His friend had slept in class yesterday.)

taguring = 'unconcious' guring

2)            'possibility'

example:
Tulisan ngintu kada tabaca ku. (The text is not read by me.)

tabaca = 'possibility not read'

e.       Prefix pa-

The main function of prefix pa- is to make noun. For example:

1)            'manner/tool'

example:

Inya mamatah akan panggaris ulun. (He broke my ruler.)

Panggaris = 'manner/tool' to make garis

2)            'has habit/ character'

Example:

Anaknya tu dasar pangaramput. ( Her son is truly a liar. )

Pangaramput = 'character' pangaramput

2.  Derivational Suffixes       

            Most of the derivational suffixes in Banjarese change the part of speech. The derivational suffixes which do not change the part of speech are not as many as the derivational prefixes. The following is the description of derivational affixes :

1. Suffix –an

The main function of suffix –an is to make a noun. For example:

1)      'meaning every'

Example:

Sidin diupah bulanan ulih busnya. (He is paid every month by his boss.)

Bulanan = 'every' bulan

2)      'meaning many/much'

Example:

Tapasan tu didadai pang. (Dry the clothes, please.)

tapasan = 'many' tapasan

2. Suffix –i

The main function of suffix –i is to make imperative verb. For example:

1)      'doing something'

Example:

Rin, basuhi piring bakas makan tu nah. (Rin, wash the dishes please.)

Basuhi = doing basuh

2)      'give/add something'

example:

Gulai pang teh pun ku. ( please, add sugar into my tea.)

Gulai = 'add' gula

    D.    Conclusion

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language. They are meaningful because they have either lexical or grammatical meaning. Morphemes can be classified into two namely free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes are those which can meaningfully stand alone while bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot meaningfully stand alone. It means that bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be prefixes, or suffixes. Bound morphemes can be inflectional or derivational. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes or affixes which derive (create) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech. In Banjarese, derivational morphemes can be prefixes, and suffixes. In Banjarese, all affixes are derivational but most of the affixes in Banjarese do not change part of speech. Only several affixes change the part of speech. 

            The Banjarese prefixes which change the part of speech, for example, are  ma-. which changes the bases into verbs. The Banjarese suffixes which change part of speech can be noun-forming suffixes such as –an,  –i. 

    E.     References

Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman, What is Morphology? (online), URL:

 http://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/introling/Aronoffmorphology.pdf (accessed on January 5^th 2014)

Pamela J. Hickey and Tarie Lewis, The Common Core, English Learners, and Morphology 101: Unpacking LS.4 for ELLs (online), URL: http://www.nysreading.org/sites/default/files/2013%20Journal%20-%20Hickey%20and%20Lewis%20-%20Morphology%20101.pdf (accessed on January 5^th 2014)

What is a Derivational Affix(online), URL: http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsADerivationalAffix.htm (accessed on January 8th 2014)

The Free Dictionary by Farlex, Banjarese (online), URL: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Banjarese (accessed on January 5^th 2014)

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[1] Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman, What is Morphology? (online), URL:

 http://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/introling/Aronoffmorphology.pdf (accessed on January 5^th 2014)

[2] Pamela J. Hickey and Tarie Lewis, The Common Core, English Learners, and Morphology 101: Unpacking LS.4 for ELLs (online), URL:

http://www.nysreading.org/sites/default/files/2013%20Journal%20-%20Hickey%20and%20Lewis%20-%20Morphology%20101.pdf (accessed on January 5^th 2014)

[3] What is a Derivational Affix(online), URL: http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsADerivationalAffix.htm (accessed on January 8th 2014)

[4] The Free Dictionary by Farlex, Banjarese (online), URL: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Banjarese (accessed on January 5^th 2014)