hello...kali ada sedikit materi tentang Clauses, hasil dari kuliah English Syntax hari ini....tapi ga' sempat bikin tree diagram'na...jadi, makalah apa adanya..hehe
ok..let's check it!!!
CLAUSES
A.
Definition
A clause is a group of
related words containing a subject and a predicate. A clause may stand as a simple
sentence or may join another clause to make a sentence. Therefore, a sentence
consists of one, two or more clauses.
Examples:
·
He
is sleeping. (one
clause)
·
The
kids were laughing
at the joker. (one
clause)
·
The
teacher asked a question,
but no one answered. (two clauses)
·
I
am happy, because
I won a prize. (two
clauses)
·
I
like Mathematics,
but my brother likes Biology, because he wants to become a doctor.
(three clauses)
B.
Types of Clauses
1.
Independent
Clause
An
independent clause can be a sentence by itself. Independent clause is another
name for simple sentence.
Examples:
· I met the boy who had helped me.
· She is wearing a shirt which looks nice.
· The teacher asked a question but no one answered.
· He takes medicine because he suffers from fever.
· He became angry and smashed the vase into peaces.
In the above sentences each
underlined part shows independent clause. It expresses complete though and can
stand as a sentence that is why a main or an independent clause is normally
referred as a simple sentence.
2.
Dependent
Clause
A dependent clause, in contrast,
cannot be a sentence by itself because its meaning is not complete. A dependent
clause “depends” on something else to complete its meaning.
Example:
· He likes Chinese rice which
tastes good.
The clause “which tastes good” in
above sentence is a subordinate clause because it does not express complete
thought and can’t stand as a sentence. It depends on main clause (he likes
Chinese rise) to express complete thought.
Examples:
· I met the boy who had helped me.
· I bought a table that costs $ 100.
· He takes medicine because he
suffers from fever.
· The teacher asked a question but
no one answered.
C.
Types of Subordinate Clause
A subordinate (dependent) clause may
function as a noun, an adjective or an adverb in sentence. On the basis of
their function in a sentence, subordinate clauses can be divided in to
following types.
1.
Noun Clause
A dependent clause that functions as
a noun in a sentence is called noun clause.
A noun clause performs same function like a noun in a sentence.
Example:
· What he did made a problem for his family.
In above sentence the clause “what
he did” functions as a noun, hence it is a noun clause. A noun clause works as
a noun that acts as a subject, object, or predicate in a sentence. A noun
clause starts with words “that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever,
whomever”.
Examples:
· Whatever you learn will help you in future.
(noun clause as a subject)
· What you said made me laugh.
(noun clause as a subject)
· He knows that he will pass the
test.
(noun clause as an object)
· Now I realize what he would have
thought. (noun clause as an object)
2.
Adjective Clause.
A dependent clause that functions as
an adjective in a sentence is called adjective clause. An adjective clause
works like adjective in a sentence. The function of an adjective is to modify
(describe) a noun or a pronoun.
Example:
· He wears a shirt which looks nice.
The clause “which looks nice” in above sentence is an
adjective clause because it modifies noun “shirt” in the sentence.
An adjective clause always precedes
the noun it modifies.
Examples:
· I met the boy who had helped me.
· An apple that smells bad is
rotten.
· The book which I like is helpful
in preparation for test.
· The house where I live
consists of four rooms.
· The person who was shouting
needed help.
Adjective clause is introduced by
the relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, and that). But, it may also be
introduced by the subordinate conjunctions when, where, and why.
Example:
· Only scientists can explain the
reason why this disaster happened.
3.
Adverbial Clause
A dependent clause that functions as
an adverb in a sentence is called adverbial clause. An adverb clause like an
adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or other adverb in a sentence.
Subordinating words in adverbial
clause introduce the adverbial clause and connects it with a word in the main
clause. The subordinating conjunctions used for adverbial clauses are as
follows:
a. Time: when, whenever, since, until,
before, after, while, as, by the time, as soon as
b. Place: where,wherever
c. Manner: as, as if
d. Comparison: as, than
e. Reason, cause, purpose: as, because, so that, in order that,
for fear that, since
f. Result: so...that, such...that/ ...such
that
g. Condition: if, whether, unless, provided
(that), on condition that, as/ so long as, supposing (that)
h. Contrast, concession: although, though, even though, no
matter if, while, even if, whenever, whatever, as much as, whereas
Examples:
· Don’t go before he comes.
· He takes medicine because he is
ill.
·
Although
he tried a lot,
he couldn’t climb up the tree.
· Unless you study for the test, you can’t pass it.
· I will go to the school unless it
rains.
· You are safe as long as you drive
carefully.
· You can achieve anything provided
that you struggle for it.
D.
Complex Sentence
A complex sentence is a combination
of one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clause(s).
Examples:
· Because she was tired, Anna left the
party early.
· Anna left the party early because
she was tired.
In a complex sentence, when the dependent clause comes
first, separate the clauses with a comma. When the independent clause comes
first, do not separate them.
REFERENCES
Oshima, Alice and Hogue, Ann. 2007. Introduction to Academic Writin. 3rd
Edition. New York: Person Education
Wishon, George E. And Burks, Julia M. 1980. Let’s Write English. New York: Litton
Educational Publishing
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